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Take a quiz Find out how much you know about specific topics and get resources to learn more. In contrast, stereotypes have traditionally been defined as specific beliefs about a group, such as descriptions of what members of a particular group look like, how they behave, or their abilities.
As such, stereotypes are cognitive representations of how members of a group are similar to one another and different from members of other groups. Prejudice and stereotyping are generally considered to be the product of adaptive processes that simplify an otherwise complex world so that people can devote more cognitive resources to other tasks.
However, despite any cognitively adaptive function they may serve, using these mental shortcuts when making decisions about other individuals can have serious negative ramifications.
The horrible mistreatment of particular groups of people in recent history, such as that of Jews, African Americans, women, and homosexuals, has been the major impetus for the study of prejudice and stereotyping. Thus, the original conceptions and experiments were concerned almost entirely with conscious, negative attitudes and explicitly discriminatory actions.
However, as the social acceptability of prejudice and stereotypes has changed, the manifestations of prejudice and stereotypes have also changed. In response to these changes, and given that people who reject prejudice and stereotyping can still unwittingly internalize stereotypic representations, the study of prejudice and stereotyping has recently moved to include beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that could be considered positive and not obviously or overtly prejudiced.
Importantly, even when prejudice and stereotypes are ostensibly positive e. Because of these new conceptions of bias, there have also been methodological adaptations in the study of prejudice and stereotyping that move beyond the conscious attitudes and behaviors of individuals to measure their implicit prejudice and stereotypes as well.
This article gives a quick tour through the social psychological study of prejudice and stereotyping to inform the reader about its theoretical background, measurement, and interventions aimed to reduce prejudice.
There are several books and chapters that offer a broad view of the social psychological research on prejudice and stereotyping. There are two texts that are excellent for undergraduates. First, Whitley and Kite covers the general field of research on stereotyping and prejudice, providing an excellent primer for theory and research on the causes and consequences of prejudice and stereotyping.
Second, Stangor is a collection of key social psychological readings on stereotypes and prejudice. The key readings text is especially useful, as it can be assigned in sections for a general class or used in its entirety for a class specifically on prejudice. Beyond the introductory text and primer for key readings, though potentially unsuitable for undergraduate use, there are three chapters from the Handbook of Social Psychology that are useful for researchers who want to get an understanding of the progression of research and focus of current theory and research.
Although there is some overlap in the content of the three handbook chapters, each chapter makes a notably unique contribution that warrants their inclusion. Fiske provides a history and thorough review of influential perspectives on prejudice and stereotyping.
Expanding on Fiske , Yzerbyt and Demoulin provides an additional in-depth perspective on theories of how groups are created and sustained. Dovidio and Gaertner focuses on the bases of group-based biases and provides a thorough consideration of theory and research on stereotype change and prejudice reduction.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72 2 , Whether direct or indirect it is detrimental that as a human population we consider stereotypes and recognize their significance in how we view each other. This research analysis will briefly discuss the ongoing issue of stereotypes, how to classify the ways these stereotypes affect our. Defining Racism To 'prejudge' is to make up your mind on an issue before you look at the facts. You can prejudge a book, or a film, or a person.
If you prejudge a person you might decide what their characteristics are, what their personalities are like and whether you like them or not simple by the way that they look. If you prejudge them because of their ethnic origin or their skin colour then you are racially prejudging them. People who are racially prejudice may belief that their ethnic origins or skin colour makes them superior to other people.
Sometimes racism means beliefs, practices, and institutions that discriminate against people based on their perceived or ascribed race. While the sin of racism is an age-old phenomenon based on ignorance, fear, estrangement, and false pride, some of its ugliest manifestations have taken place in our time. Racism and irrational prejudices operate in a vicious circle. Psychologists also revealed that many minorities often hold implicit biases against their own, despite explicit beliefs in racial equality.
This can be seen as internalized racism, when members of a racial group accept negative stereotypes and attitudes towards their own group. These people would be more willing and acceptable of the racial inequalities that persist today and less willing to take up measures to correct them.
Another interesting approach to solving the paradox has been to focus not on the things that perpetuate racism but rather on those who experience it. As a result of implicit bias, those who experience racism may accept racist ideologies and in turn engage in interactions that extend their subordination. Open Document. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. Prejudice can be described as an opinion formed against a person or group based on a stereotype Prejudice. While stereotypes are classified as generalizations about a group of people where we attribute a specific set of characteristics to this group.
Individuals with multiple ethnic backgrounds are becoming more common. Prior to the twentieth century, racial intermarriage referred to as miscegenation was extremely rare, and in many places, illegal.
In the later part of the twentieth century and in the twenty-first century, attitudes have changed for the better. While the sexual subordination of slaves did result in children of mixed race, these children were usually considered black, and therefore, property. There was no concept of multiple racial identities with the possible exception of the Creole. Creole society developed in the port city of New Orleans, where a mixed-race culture grew from French and African inhabitants.
It is now common for the children of racially mixed parents to acknowledge and celebrate their various ethnic identities. While this is the trend, it is not yet evident in all aspects of our society. For example, the U. Census only recently added additional categories for people to identify themselves, such as non-white Hispanic. A growing number of people chose multiple races to describe themselves on the Census, paving the way for the Census to provide yet more choices.
To some, the Confederate flag is a symbol of pride in Southern history. In January , two girls walked into Burleson High School in Texas carrying purses that displayed large images of Confederate flags. School administrators told the girls that they were in violation of the dress code, which prohibited apparel with inappropriate symbolism or clothing that discriminated based on race. Why did the school ban the purses, and why did it stand behind that ban, even when being sued?
Why did the girls, identified anonymously in court documents as A. The issue, of course, is not the purses: it is the Confederate flag that adorns them. In the end, the court sided with the district and noted that the Confederate flag carried symbolism significant enough to disrupt normal school activities. If the Confederate flag is synonymous with slavery, is there any place for its display in modern society? Those who fight for their right to display the flag say such a display should be covered by the First Amendment: the right to free speech.
But others say the flag is equivalent to hate speech, which is not covered by the First Amendment. Do you think that displaying the Confederate flag should considered free speech or hate speech? Stereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups of people.
Prejudice refers to thoughts and feelings, while discrimination refers to actions. Racism refers to the belief that one race is inherently superior or inferior to other races.
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