Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can lead to a high fever, diarrhea, and vomiting. It can be fatal. It is caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi. The infection is often passed on through contaminated food and drinking water, and it is more prevalent in places where handwashing is less frequent. It can also be passed on by carriers who do not know they carry the bacteria. Annually, there are around 5, cases in the United States, and 75 percent of these start while traveling internationally.
Globally, around If typhoid is caught early, it can be successfully treated with antibiotics; if it is not treated, typhoid can be fatal. The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans. It spreads between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person. If untreated, around 1 in 5 cases of typhoid can be fatal. With treatment, fewer than 4 in cases are fatal.
After this, it makes its way through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, it spreads into other tissues and organs. The immune system of the host can do little to fight back because S. Typhoid is diagnosed by detecting the presence of S. The two major symptoms of typhoid are fever and rash. Typhoid fever is particularly high, gradually increasing over several days up to degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 to 40 degrees Celsius.
The rash, which does not affect every patient, consists of rose-colored spots, particularly on the neck and abdomen.
Rarely, symptoms might include confusion, diarrhea , and vomiting, but this is not normally severe. In serious, untreated cases, the bowel can become perforated.
This can lead to peritonitis, an infection of the tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen, which has been reported as fatal in between 5 and 62 percent of cases. Another infection, paratyphoid, is caused by Salmonella enterica. It has similar symptoms to typhoid, but it is less likely to be fatal. The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics. The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin for non-pregnant adults and ceftriaxone. Reviewed by: Steven Dowshen, MD.
Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Is Typhoid Fever? What Causes Typhoid Fever? Who Gets Typhoid Fever?
How Is Typhoid Fever Diagnosed? How Is Typhoid Fever Treated? Can Typhoid Fever Be Prevented? What Else Should I Know? So take these precautions in high-risk areas: Sanitize water. Boil or disinfect any water that will be used for drinking, washing or preparing food, making ice, or brushing teeth. Better yet, try to drink only bottled water carbonated is safer than regular or other drinks that come in cans or bottles, but wipe the outside of the can or bottle before drinking from it.
Tell kids to avoid tap water, fountain drinks, and ice cubes, and remind them to not swallow any water in the shower or bath. Cook all food. Fully cook all food, and avoid food from street vendors and food stored or served at room temperature.
Instead, serve packaged foods or meals that are freshly cooked and served steaming hot. Avoid raw food. Avoid raw, unpeeled fruits and vegetables that may have been washed with contaminated water, especially lettuce and fruits like berries that can't be peeled. Bananas, avocados, and oranges make better choices, but be sure you peel them yourself.
For safety's sake, you may want your kids to avoid raw foods entirely. Wash hands well and often. This can cause the symptoms of typhoid fever to get worse during the weeks after infection. If organs and tissues become damaged as a result of the infection, it can cause serious complications, such as internal bleeding or a section of the bowel splitting open.
Read more about the complications of typhoid fever. Page last reviewed: 20 September Next review due: 20 September How the infection spreads The Salmonella typhi bacteria will be in the poo of an infected person after they have been to the toilet. Other ways typhoid fever can be contracted include: using a toilet contaminated with bacteria and touching your mouth before washing your hands eating seafood from a water source contaminated by infected poo or pee eating raw vegetables that have been fertilised with human waste contaminated milk products having oral or anal sex with a person who's a carrier of Salmonella typhi bacteria How the bacteria affect the body After eating food or drinking water contaminated with the Salmonella typhi bacteria, the bacteria moves down into the digestive system, where they will quickly multiply.
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