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A century ago, the world faced a looming food crisis. A booming population was pushing farmers to grow crops faster than nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil could keep up, and the South American deposits of guano and natural nitrates they applied as fertilizer were dwindling. In what may still be the biggest global problem solved by chemistry, Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed a process to react hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen under pressure to make ammonia, which farmers adopted in place of natural fertilizers.
This time, ammonia could come to the rescue by capturing, storing, and shipping hydrogen for use in emission-free fuel cells and turbines.
Efforts are also underway to combust ammonia directly in power plants and ship engines. Chemical companies smell an opportunity. Several firms are developing green ammonia, a route to ammonia in which hydrogen derived from water electrolysis powered by alternative energy replaces hydrocarbon-based hydrogen, making ammonia production virtually carbon dioxide—free.
They are also investing in carbon capture and storage to minimize the carbon impact of making conventional ammonia, creating what the industry refers to as blue ammonia. By most estimates, green ammonia will cost two to four times as much to make as conventional ammonia. And some of the technologies needed to harness the molecule, such as ammonia-burning engines, are still experimental.
Governments and the marketplace will have to decide if green ammonia is worth the effort. Nature has given ammonia attributes that seem to make it a perfect commodity for a future hydrogen economy.
Related: CF plans green ammonia plant in Louisiana. A report compiled last August by Haldor Topsoe, an ammonia production technology firm, and other companies noted a number of those qualities. Ammonia has a higher energy density, at And ammonia, though hazardous to handle, is much less flammable than hydrogen.
Furthermore, thanks to a century of ammonia use in agriculture, a vast ammonia infrastructure already exists. Worldwide, some million metric tons t of ammonia is produced annually, and ports are equipped with ammonia terminals.
The ammonia industry has informally adopted a color scheme to describe the carbon intensity of the different methods for making ammonia. The system also applies to hydrogen. Also called brown ammonia, this is conventional ammonia that has been made the same way for years. The hydrogen often comes from the steam reformation of methane, a process that emits CO 2.
Blue ammonia is conventional ammonia for which by-product CO 2 has been captured and stored, reducing climate impact compared with gray ammonia. Many fertilizer makers have embarked on such projects in recent years.
Blue ammonia is controversial and in need of industry standards. Green ammonia is made with hydrogen that comes from water electrolysis powered by alternative energy. Projects abound, though most are on a modest scale of tens of thousands of tons, an order of magnitude smaller than a typical ammonia plant. A massive project in Saudi Arabia, however, aims to make more than 1 million metric tons of ammonia per year. This process uses pyrolysis to convert methane into pure carbon and hydrogen, which is reacted with nitrogen to make ammonia.
The industry thinks of turquoise ammonia as somewhere between green and blue. But pivoting all that infrastructure toward environmentally friendly fuels will take time. Until last year, most proposed green ammonia projects were small, tens of thousands of metric tons rather than the half million metric tons per year, or more, that a conventional ammonia plant puts out. Several are government-supported projects in Australia. For example, the Norwegian fertilizer maker Yara intends to install electrolyzers to make 3, t per year of green ammonia at its plant in Pilbara, and the ammonium nitrate explosives makers Dyno Nobel and Queensland Nitrates are studying 9, and 20, t of green ammonia output, respectively.
Pilot programs are also underway in New Zealand and Chile. Several much larger projects were announced last year. If you are interested in a wide range of products with equally good cleaning and disinfecting properties, and also used in the cosmetic, food and construction industries, we encourage you to familiarise yourself with the offer of sodium hypochlorite and soda lye. The PCC Group is one of the leading manufacturers of these compounds, distinguished by high quality and a production process based on the principles of sustainable development.
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When inhaled, ammonia acts as an irritant and burns the nose, throat, and respiratory tract. This inhalation of the corrosive chemical can result in respiratory distress. At lower concentrations this can lead to coughing. This exposure is more harmful to children or adults with reduced respiratory functions. If ammonia comes into contact with the eyes or skin, it can cause irritation and burning. Extended exposure to ammonia can result in blindness and eye damage.
If ingested, ammonia can burn the mouth, throat, and stomach. Fossil Fuels. Nuclear Fuels. Acid Rain. Climate Change.
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